According to the International Energy Agency, Turkmenistan has the world's fourth-largest reserves of natural gas, while Kazakhstan's oil reserves are said to be three times those of the North Sea.
... now sells abroad about 59 percent of its natural gas and 30 percent of its oil supply, proportions ... 20.00 6.00 Tajikistan 3.90 4.10 Turkmenistan 4.10 2.20 Uzbekistan 3.92 7.50 Eastern Europe & Fo...
... Afghanistan an energy corridor for Turkmenistan's natural gas. The western-backed Turkmenistan- Af...
This paper starts with a brief description of recent Russian economic and political developments and identifies the poor institutional capacity of the state as the major obstacle to growth. Then cross-country regressions are used to provide evidence for two arguments. First, the single most important factor limiting the inflow of FDI to Russia seems to be the inefficiency of the government - its inability to enforce rules and regulations. It is not the lack of the rule of law, or high level of corruption, or insufficient democratization, or low degree of economic freedom. Second, given the poor government effectiveness, the benefits of FDI are quite weak and may be outweighed by cost (repatriation of profits, but no transfer of technology).
... investors are attracted to Russia by its natural resources, relatively high degree of economic libe..., Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan - by 2006 had reached or exceeded ...
..., refining, and delivery of petroleum and natural gas, and the generation of electric power from hyd... in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan, to the trans-Alaska oil pipeline--complete with m...
..., especially seeking control over natural resources and taxation. Chechnya was at the top of... border the Caspian Sea: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. Chechnya has a central place in t...
...--from Iran to China and from Turkmenistan to Belarus--but even assumes informal leadership i... of key energy sources--first of all natural gas--and that will inevitably have a serious negat...
..., Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, not to speak of central European ... and the size of the shadow economy are natural measures of strength in state institutions. A stro...
... as a victim of terrorism and thus a "natural ally" of the US. Another strategic motivation for ... funded by the oil giant Unocal (the Turkmenistan Afghanistan Pakistan pipeline). American diplomats...
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