Business and Property Deductions

• Author: Vern Krishna
• Profession: Professor of Common Law, University of Ottawa Barrister at Law
• Pages: 185-256

185

CHAPTER 8

buSIneSS and

properT y dedu cT IonS

A. DEDUCTIONS

1) General Comment

We saw earlier that income from an off‌ice or employment is taxable on

a gross basis. In contr ast, income from business and property is tax able

on a net basis. Thus, we need to determine which expenses are deduct-

ible from business and property revenues in order to ca lculate net prof‌it

for tax purposes.

The calculation of net prof‌it is a question of law. Nevertheless, we start

by looking to the tax payer’s f‌inancial statement s. We determine net prof‌it

according to commercial and accounting pri nciples to the extent that they

do not conf‌lict with the Act or judicial decisions. The court in R oy al Tr u st

explained the scheme for the deductibility of expenses as follows:

Thus, it may be stated categorically that in a case under the Income

Tax Act the f‌irst matter to be determined in deciding whether an out-

lay or expense is outside the prohibition of . . . [paragraph 18(1)(a)]

of the Act is whether it was made or incurred by the taxpayer in ac-

cordance with the ordinary pri nciples of commercial tr ading or well

accepted principles of business practice. If it was not, that is the end

of the matter. But if it was, then the outl ay or expense is properly de-

ductible unless it falls outside the expressed exception of . . . [para-

graph 18(1)(a)] and, therefore, within its prohibition.1

1 Royal Trust Co v MNR (1957), 57 DTC 1055 at 1060 (Ex Ct).

Income Tax L aw186

Figure 8.1 Overview of Structure

Computation of “prof‌it” under section 

Expense deductible by commercial principles?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Deductible unless prohibitedNot deductible unless spe cif‌ically

authorized

Prohibited?

e.g., ss , , ., ., .Authorized?

No deduction unless specif‌i cally

authorized

Deductible

Deductible

No deduction

No deduction

Specif‌ic authorization? s.

Business a nd Property Deductions187

2) General Rules

To be deductible from revenue, in computing net prof‌it, an expenditure

must satisfy six basic tests. It must:

• Be incurred for the purpose of earning income;

• Be of an income nature and not a capital expenditure;

• Be reasonable in amount;

• Not be a personal expenditure;

• Not be expressly prohibited by the Act; and

• Not constitute “abusive” tax avoidance.

Apart from these six tests, there is no blanket public policy prohibition

on the deductibility of expenses.2

The above criteria serve purposes that are different from those that

generally accepted accounting and commercial principles serve. For

example, the requirement that an expenditure should be reasonable

in amount is not an accounting rule, but a constraint to protect the

government’s taxable base. The prohibition against the deductibility of

expenses t hat the statute specif‌ically proscribes allows the legislator to

use it to foster socio-economic and public policies. The anti-abuse rule

is intended as a broad “catch-all” clause for expenses that the legislator

did not proscribe more specif‌ically.

3) Purpose of Expenditure

An expenditure is deductible as an expense in computing income only

if one incurs it for the purpose of earning income.3 It is the purpose,

and not the result, of the expenditure that determines deductibility.

Thus, an expense for the purpose of earning income from a business

is deductible, regardless of whether it actually produces income. For

example, if a taxpayer incurs advertising expenses for the purpose of

promoting sales, failure of the advertising program to stimulate sales

does not disqualify the expenditure as a deductible expense.4

2 65302 British Columbia Ltd v Cana da, [1999] 3 SCR 804 [65302 BC Ltd].

3 Income Tax Act, RSC 1985, c 1 (5th Supp) [ITA], para 18(1)(a). This rule does

little more tha n reinforce subs 9(1), which states th at the income from a

business or prop erty is the prof‌it therefrom. To const itute an “expense,” the

taxpayer mu st be under an obligation to pay money to someone. A n obligation

to do something t hat may entail an expe nditure in the future is not a n expense;

see Canada v Burnco In dustries Ltd, [1984] CTC 337 (FCA).

4 See BC Electric Railway Co v MNR, [1958] CTC 21 (SCC) [BC Electric Railway]

(payments m ade by taxpayer to enable it to become m ore prof‌itable not deduct-