Detailed table of contents

• Author: Robert J. Sharpe - Kent Roach
• Profession: Court of Appeal for Ontario - Faculty of Law, University of Toronto
• Pages: vii-xv

PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION xvii

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 1:

HISTORICAL CONTEXT 4

1. The Pre-1982 Canadian Constitution 4

   1) Parliamentary Supremacy 4

   2) Federalism 5

2. Rights Protection through Common Law and Statutory Interpretation 6

3. The Constitution Act, 1867 and the Protection of Fundamental Rights 8

4. The Constitution Act, 1867 and Protection against Discrimination 12

5. International Human Rights Charters 14

6. Human Rights Codes 16

7. The Canadian Bill of Rights, 1960 16

8. The Drafting of the Charter 19

   1. The Secession Reference and the Unwritten Structural Principles of the Constitution 21

10. Use of Unwritten Constitutional Principles in Subsequent Litigation 24

    Further Readings 26

    CHAPTER 2:

    THE LEGITIMACY OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 27

1. Justification for Judicial Review — Federalism 29

2. Concerns about Judicial Power under the Charter 31

3. Justifications for Judicial Review — Charter of Rights and Freedoms 34

   1) Judicial Review to Protect Democracy 34

   2) Judicial Review and Rights Protection 37

   3) Judicial Review and Framers’ Intent 38

   4) Judicial Review as Part of a Democratic Dialogue 39

4. The Role of the Courts under the Charter 42

5. Conclusion 44

   Further Readings 45

   CHAPTER 3:

   INTERPRETATION OF THE CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 47

1. The Nature of Charter Rights 47

2. Interpretation of Charter Rights 51

   1) The Purposive Method 52

   2) The Contextual Method 56

   3) The Reconciliation of Competing Rights 58

   4) Interpretive Sources 59

3. Conclusion 62

   Further Readings 63

   CHAPTER 4:

   LIMITATION OF CHARTER RIGHTS 65

1. Limits Prescribed by Law 65

2. Proportionality 68

   1) Sufficiently Important Objective 69

   2) Rational Connection between Limit and Objective 72

   3) Minimal Impairment 75

   4) Overall Balance 76

3. The Oakes Test: Strict Rules or Guiding Principles? 78

   1) Broad Issues of Social and Economic Policy 80

   2) Reconciling Competing Claims and Protecting Vulnerable Groups 82

   3) Definitional Elements 83

   4) Relationship to Section 33 86

   5) Cost 86

   6) Consultation 87

4. Burden of Proof and Section 1 Evidence 88

5. Conclusion 89

   Further Readings 89

   CHAPTER 5:

   THE LEGISLATIVE OVERRIDE 91

   Further Readings 96

   CHAPTER 6:

   APPLICATION 97

1. Dolphin Delivery — Limiting the Application of the Charter 98

2. What Is Government? 100

3. Indirect Application of the Charter 103

4. Charter Values and the Common Law 104

5. Extraterritorial Application 107

6. Claiming Charter Rights 110

7. Conclusion 111

   Further Readings 112

   CHAPTER 7:

   CHARTER LITIGATION 113

1. Intervention by the Attorney General and Public-Interest Groups 114

2. References 115

3. Declaratory Proceedings, Standing, Advance Costs, and Mootness 118

4. The System of Courts and Jurisdiction in Charter Cases 122

   1) Administrative Tribunals 122

   2) Provincial Courts 123

   3) Superior Courts 124

   4) Federal Court 124

   5) The Supreme Court of Canada 125

   1. Composition of the Court and Appointment of Judges 126

   2. The Hearing of Appeals 130

5. Conclusion 130

   Further Readings 131

   CHAPTER 8:

   FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE AND RELIGION 132

1. Sunday Closing Laws 134

2. Accommodation of Religion 138

3. Parental Rights 141

4. Religion and Education 143

   1) School Prayer and Religious Instruction 143

   2) School Safety and Religious Requirements 144

   3) Sectarian Schools 146

5. Reconciling Freedom of Religion with Other Values 149

6. Conclusion 153

   Further Readings 153

   CHAPTER 9:

   FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 155

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