Detailed table of contents

• Author: Steve Coughlan - Glen Luther
• Profession: Professor, Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University - Associate Professor, College of Law, Saskatchewan
• Pages: vii-x

FOREWORD xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii

CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2:

NATURE OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN POLICE AND INDIVIDUALS 5

1. Sources of Police Powers 5

   1) Introduction 5

   2) Statute 10

   3) Common Law 15

   4) Charter 19

   5) “Default” Powers 21

2. Preliminary Issues 24

   1) Incidental and Supporting Powers and Provisions 24

   1. Use of Force 25

   2. Rules regarding Warrants 33

   3. Breaches of the Peace 35

   4. Entry into a Dwelling House to Effect an Arrest 37

   5. Search Incident to Arrest 47

   6. Search during an Investigative Detention 55

   2) The Importance of Police Purpose 58

   3) Racial Profiling 64

   4) Agents of the Police 68

3. Grounds to Arrest and Detain 74

   1) Introduction: Belief versus Suspicion 74

   2) Reasonable Grounds to Believe 75

   1. What Constitutes Reasonable Grounds to Believe? 75

   2. The Role of “Tips” in Reasonable Grounds to Believe 89

   9. Is the Tip Compelling? 90

      ii) Is the Tip Credible? 92

      iii) Is the Tip Corroborated? 93

      3) Reasonable Grounds to Suspect 95

   1. The Relationship between Reasonable Suspicion and Reasonable Belief 95

   2. What Constitutes Reasonable Grounds to Suspect? 98

      CHAPTER 3:

      POWERS OF DETENTION 101

1. Introduction 101

2. Statutory Powers of Detention 102

   1) Statutory Motor Vehicle Detention Powers 104

   2) Other Statutory Powers of Detention 115

   1. Screening Demands for Impaired Driving 115

   2. Customs Detentions 119

   3. Wildlife Enforcement Detentions 122

3. Common Law Powers of Detention 124

   1) Common Law Power for Investigative Detention: R. v. Mann 124

   1. Reasonable Suspicion: R. v. Mann 128

   2. Mann: The Nexus Issue 130

   3. Mann: The Necessity Issue 137

   2) Common Law Roadblocks: R. v. Clayton 138

   CHAPTER 4:

   ARREST AND COMPELLING APPEARANCE 145

1. Methods of Compelling Appearance 145

   1) Summons 148

   2) Arrest with a Warrant 152

   3) Appearance Notice 153

   4) Arrest without a Warrant 155

2. Issues within Compelling Appearance 157

   1) The Role of the Justice 157

   2) Charge Screening 170

   3) Restraint in Compelling Appearance 171

   4) Non-compliance with Time Limits 186

   5) Lineups and Time Limits 197

   6) Appearance by Telecommunications 200

3. Arrest 200

   1) Definition of “Arrest” 201

   1. Touching with a View to Detention 202

   2. Words of Arrest plus Submission and “De Facto Arrest” 204

      2) Powers of Arrest 210

   1. Private Citizens and Peace Officers 210

   2. Statutory Powers to Arrest 214

   9. Overview of Arrest Powers 215

      ii) Citizen’s Arrest 218

      iii) Peace Officer Arrests 229

   1. Section 495(1)(a) 229

   2. Section 495(1)(b) 233

   3. Section 495(1)(c) 238

      CHAPTER 5:

      ...