Discharge of the Bankrupt

AuthorRoderick J. Wood
Pages295-329
295
CHAPTER 10
DISCHARGE OF
THE BANKRUPT
For many individuals, the prospect of a bankruptcy discharge is the
light at the end of the tunnel. Through discharge, a debtor is given a
fresh start and is freed from the burdens of pre-existing indebtedness.
However, the right to obtain a discharge is not absolute. A discharge
may be made conditional, suspended, or denied completely in appro-
priate cases. Furthermore, not all debts are released on discharge, and
the debtor may f‌ind that discharge has rejuvenated debts that other-
wise would have been released. Discharge on bankruptcy remains a
controversial subject, as is attested by t he frequent shifts in bankruptcy
policy that attempt to f‌ind the appropriate balance between the object-
ive of economic rehabilitation of the debtor and that of maintaining
public conf‌idence in the credit system.
A. THE POLICY BEHIND DISCHARGE
The bankruptcy discharge is one of the primary mechanisms through
which bankruptcy law attempts to provide for the economic rehabilita-
tion of the debtor. However, it is not the only means by which bank-
ruptcy law seeks to meet this objective. The exclusion of exempt
property from distribution to creditors, the surplus income provisions,
and mandatory credit counselling also are directed towards this goal.
The goal of debtor rehabilitation applies only to natural person s and not
BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENC Y LAW296
to artif‌icial entities, and for this reason a corporation cannot obtain a
discharge unless it has satisf‌ied the claims of its creditors in full.1
The “honest but unfortunate debtor” occupies a station in bank-
ruptcy law akin to that of the “reasonable person” in negligence law.
The phrase is used again and again throughout the Canadian caselaw,
as well as that of the United States.2 In the case of the individual, the
purpose of the bankruptcy discharge is to permit the honest but un-
fortunate debtor to reintegrate into the busines s life of the country as a
useful citizen free from the crushing burden of his or her debts.3 This
marks a change from earlier attitudes towards bankruptcy that viewed
all debtors as dishonest and that did not care to draw distinctions
among reasons for f‌inancial distress.4
Debtor rehabilitation was not the original objective of the bank-
ruptcy discharge when it was f‌irst enacted in 1705. Its purpose was
to provide an incentive to cooperate, and it operated in tandem with
the death penalty as a disincentive for non-cooperative behaviour. The
use of the discharge as a reward for cooperative conduct still exists
in modern bankruptcy law. A bankrupt who fails to cooperate with
the trustee or to comply with the duties of a bankrupt may result in
the suspension5 or refusal6 of a discharge. Although the prospect of a
bankruptcy d ischarge continues to be used for the purpose of inducing
cooperation, it is no longer viewed as its primary purpose.
The Supreme Court of Canada in several of its decisions has ex-
pressly recognized t hat the economic rehabilitation of the debtor is one
of the central objectives of bankruptcy law.7 This objective proceeds
from the idea that a debtor who has acquired an unserviceable debt
load is in a hopeless situation. Lack ing any real prospect that the debts
can ever be repaid, a debtor will become discouraged and will cease to
participate in the economic life of society. The concern is not only with
the well-being of the individual. There is recognition that unservice-
able debt imposes hardship on the debtor’s family and also on society
1 BIA, s 169(4).
2 See, for example, Loc al Loan Co v Hunt,292 US 234 (1934).
3 See Holy Rosary Parish (Thorold) Credit Union Ltd v Premier Trust Co (1965), 7
CBR (NS) 169 (SCC).
4 Chapter 2, Sect ion A(1).
5 Re Jefferson (2004),1 CBR (5th) 209 (BCSC).
6 Re Rahall (1997), 49 CBR (3d) 268 (Alta QB); Mancini (Trustees of ) v Mancini
(1987), 63 CBR (NS) 254 (Ont HCJ) [Mancini].
7 See Industrial Acce ptance Corp v Lalonde, [1952] 2 SCR 109; Vachon v Canada
(Employment & Immigration Commission), [1985] 2 SCR 417.
Discharge of t he Bankrupt 297
at large. A debtor who is given a fresh start through the release of past
debts can once more become a productive member of society.
The honest but unfortunate debtor was originally idealized as an
individual who suffered f‌inancial setbacks due to events beyond his
control. In earlier times, one contemplated the merchant whose ship
was lost in a storm or through enemy action during wartime. Honesty
alone was not enough. The loss had to result from misfortune, and
the misfortune had to result from external events. There has been a
marked shift in the meaning of the phrase in modern times. Certainly
there are many instances where the f‌inancial loss results from external
factors over which the debtor has no control, such as sickness or loss of
employment. However, the notion of the honest but unfortunate debtor
now encompasses individuals whose f‌inancial distress is attributable
to poor f‌inancial management as well. This shift in meaning occurred
during a time of unparalleled growth in the consumer credit market
during the twentieth century, and coincided with a steep increase in
the number of consumer bankruptcies.
The easy availability of consumer credit has made it much easier
for debtors to get themselves into a f‌inancial cr isis. Some scholars have
argued that the pri ncipal motivation for a bankruptcy discharge should
be recognized as the protection of a debtor from ill-considered bor-
rowing decisions.8 On this view, a bankruptcy discharge operates as
a kind of insurance against losses caused by debtors who fail to prop-
erly assess the r isks associated with the over-consumption of consumer
credit.9
Although debtors who have made poor f‌inancial decisions can
nevertheless obtain the benef‌its of a bankruptcy discharge, the same
does not hold true for a debtor who is guilty of dishonest conduct.10
Furthermore, it is not only intentional di shonesty that can re sult in the
denial of an absolute discharge. The BIA establishes certain standards
of commercial morality that must be maintained. If the bankruptcy is
brought on by rash and hazardous speculations, by unjustif‌iable ex-
travagance in living, by gambling, or by culpable neglect, a bankruptcy
court is directed to refuse, suspend, or make conditional any order of
8 T Jackson, The Logic and Limits of Bankr uptcy Law (Cambridge, MA: Har vard
University Pre ss, 1986) at 232–41.
9 See D Baird, “Disch arge, Waiver and the Behavioral Un dercurrents of Debtor
Creditor Law” (2006) 73 Universi ty of Chicago Law Review 17.
10Bank of Montreal v Giann otti (2000), 51 OR (3d) 544 (CA).

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