Index

• Pages: 913-969

913

ABFA, 360–61

ABFO. See also American Board of Forensic

Odontology

bite-mark interpretation, protocol, 596

ABFO Reference No. 2 Scale, 598F

Aboriginal land claims, forensic botany

and, 436–37, 454–56

Abrasion collar

autopsy and, 636

wounds, 635

Abrasion, 837

Absorption, drug

intravenous delivery, 737

smoking, 737

Absorption, pharmacology, 736

Abuse, fatal child. See Child abuse, fatal

Accelerants, f‌ires, 290–91

high temperature (HTAs), 291

Accidental discharge

tests, f‌irearms, 255

weapons, 253–56

Accidental f‌ire, 287

Accompanying drop, 837

Accreditation of expert witnesses, 12

Accuracy, 838

ACE-V (U.S.), 78, 84–89. See also AFIS (Auto-

mated Fingerprint Identif‌ication System)

automated f‌ingerprint databases, 87

digit determination, 211–12

f‌ingerprint identif‌ication, NAS Report

criticism, 219–21

individualization, 86

research needs, 88–89

Acetaldehyde, 838

Acetone, 838

Acid phosphatase, 838

ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol), 838

Action, types of, 838

Actuarial method, 839

Acute, 839

ADD (accumulated degree days), 839

Adenine, 839

ADH, 839

Admissibility. See also Evidence; Expert

opinion evidence

child witnesses, out-of-court statements,

782–84

criteria guide, 30N

expert evidence (Goudge Inquiry), 75

forensic psychiatry opinion, trial, cau-

tions, 718

impaired driving of‌fences, defence of,

768–70

Index

: Entries for the forensic disciplines are listed under the keyword (e.g., anthro-

pology, forensic); glossary page references are shown in boldface; F = f‌igure; N =

note; T = table and symbols

914 ^ The Lawyer’s Guide to the Forensic Sciences

Af‌f‌idavit, authenticity of computer output,

156

AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identif‌ica-

tion System), 205, 839

Age estimation, forensic anthropology,

335–42

living persons, 336–37

Age of living person, forensic anthropolo-

gists, estimates, 336–37

Age-at-death estimation

adolescents, skeletons, 336

adults

ranges, 337

skeletons, 337

children, skeletons, 335–36

conclusions, dif‌ferent methods and, 337–38

histological method, 341

Lamendin dental method, 341–42

methods, 335–42

science of, 335–37

Aging process, elders, 648

Aging. See Age-at-death estimation; Age

estimation

Air guns, 248

pig’s eye test, criminal cases, 248, 262, 263

SCC decision, 259–61, 261–62

Airplane mode, cell phones, 171

Alcohol Test Committee

evidential testing, 728–29

screening and, 726–27

Alcohol toxicologists, forensic

criminal cases and alcohol

blood alcohol calculation, 734

common defence, 734–35

last drink defence, 734–35

Alcohol toxicology, forensic, 719–20, 719T

alcohol and,

driving ability, 732–33

drugs, homicide cases, 639–43

blackouts, 733–34

blood alcohol analysis, 730–34

case study, over 80 charge, 735

drugs and, homicide cases,

key historical developments, 720T

science of, 722–36

Alcoholic blackouts, 733–34

Allele(s), 387, 840

RMP applied, STR, 400–1

Alloying, 277N–78N, 840

ALS (Alternate Light Source), 840

Altered stain, 840

American Academy of Forensic Science

(AAFS), 476, 482

ethics and, 368–69

American Academy of Psychiatry and the

Law (AAPL), practice guidelines, 678,

682

American Board of Forensic Anthropology

(ABFA), 360–61

American Board of Forensic Document

Examiners, 482, 483

American Board of Forensic Entomology

(ABFE), 95, 95N, 513

American Board of Forensic Odontology

(ABFO), 94, 610

bite-mark evidence

ABFO Reference No. 2 Scale, 597–99

conf‌irmation bias, avoiding, 599–600

certif‌ication, 593

examination and credentialing role, 593

terminology/nomenclature, 593–94

American Board of Medicolegal Death

Investigators, 837

American Nurses Association, 561

Ammunition, 236–37, 236F, 241, 634–35, 840

calibres and, 241

cartridge cases, 237

components of, 236–37

mechanism, 237

Amnesia

criminal responsibility and, 700

malingerers and, 716

NCR defences and, 716–17

source, 773, 780

Amplicons, 840

Amplif‌ication, DNA, 391–93, 840

amplicons, 393, 840

meaning, 392

STR

commercial kits, 392–93

Index ^ 915

location and, 392, 393

targeting and “primer” use, 392

Amylase, 840

Analytical accuracy (toxicology), 745–46

Analytical precision (toxicology), 745, 840

Analytical sensitivity (toxicology), 745

Anatomical pathology, 840

Anatomy

carotid arteries, 638

homicide cases, areas for post-mortem

blood sampling, 639

neck, 637–38

Ancestry, 840

assessment

limitations, 344

metric analyses, 346–47

reasons for doing, 344–45

databases and, 347

ethnicity vs., 343

“European,” 345

evaluating, 342–47

expressing in racial terms, 343–44

FORDISC and, 346–47, 840

genes and, 343

genotypes, 347

haplotypes, databases and, 347

lineage markers, 347

meaning, 342

methods of analysis, 345–47

metric analysis, human remains, 346–47

morphological analysis, 345–46

population af‌f‌iliation and, 345

race vs., 343

“white,” 344

Angle of convergence, 841

Angle of impact, (BPA), 118–19, 119F

Anogenital, 841

Anthropologists, forensic

accreditations, 360–62

age-at-death estimation, skeletal re-

mains, 335–42

American Academy of Forensic Science

(AAFS), 361

expert witness database, 361

bioarcheologists compared, 362–63

bone analysis and, 362, 363

consultants

common questions for, 365–67

defence lawyer, to, 364

criminal cases

participation in, 371–79

role in, 360–69

Crown/defence witness, as, 363–64

disclosure and, 367–68

ethics “governing,” 368–69

expert credentials and, 361–62

expert witness, as, 361–62

common questions for, 375–67

human remains evidence, expert opin-

ion, 372

identif‌ication of deceased, biological

prof‌ile, 327–28

methodology concerns, 326

Mohan criteria and experts, 361, 362

Pickton trial, expert evidence, 374–79

qualif‌ications, 360–62

reasons for court testimony of, 327

record review by, 367–68

reports, 362, 368

similar fact evidence, 376–78

skeletal, sex and, 329

standardization, 360–62, 369–70

testimony, 363–69

trace evidence and, 364

trauma analysis, 353–55

trauma evidence/criminal cases, expert

opinion, 371–72

work of, 324–25

Anthropology, 841

Anthropology, forensic

admissibility of evidence, 325–26

age estimation, 335–42

alternatives to accreditation, expert

witnesses and, 361–62

ancestry assessment and populations,

346–47

assessment of age, multiple techniques,

338

biological prof‌ile, considerations for,

347–48