Notes

• Author: David M. Tanovich
• Pages: 185-260

[185]

Notes

introduction

1Report of the Commi ssion on Systemic Racism in t he Ontario Criminal Jus-

tice System (Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 1995), ix [Ontario Sys-

temic Raci sm Report].

2 See Scot Wortley and Julian Tanner, “Inf‌la mmatory Rhetoric? Baseless

Accusations? A Response to Gabor’s Critique of Racia l Prof‌iling Research

in Canada,” Canadian Journal of Crimino logy and Criminal Justi ce 47

(2005): 590–95 [“Inf‌la mmatory Rhetoric”].

3 See Philip Mascoll and Jim Ran kin, “Racial Prof‌ilin g Exists,” Toron to

Star, 31 March 2005, A1.

4 See, for example, Betsy Powell , “Video Convicts Off‌icer,” Tor onto Star,

29 July 2005, A1; Dale A nne Freed, “Constable Convicted of Assault,”

Toro nto S tar, 19 October 2004 , A4; “Winnipeg Police Accused of Bruta l-

ity Against Abor iginals,” Guardian, 9 November 2002, A5; Scot Wortley,

“Hidden Intersections: Research on Race, Cr ime and Criminal Justice in

Canada,” Canadian Ethnic Studies 35 (2003): 105; and Gabriella Pedicel li,

When Police Kill: Poli ce Use of Force in Montreal and Toronto (Montreal:

Véhicule Press, 1998), 75–77.

5See R. v. Munson (2003), 172 CCC (3d) 515 (Sask. CA); Re port of the Com-

mission of Inquiry int o Matters Relating to the D eath of Neil Stonechild

(October 2004), online: Neil Stonech ild Inquiry http://www.stonechild-

notes

[186]

inquiry.ca/f‌inalrep ort/default.shtml (date accessed 4 August 2005), 1;

and Legacy of Hope: An Ag enda for Change, vol. 1 (June 21, 2004), online:

Commission on First Nations and Metis Peoples a nd Justice Reform

http://www.justicereformcomm.sk.ca/volume1. gov (date accessed 4 Au-

gust 2005), 5-1–5-2 .

6 See Michelle Shephard, “Are We Ready for Torture by Proxy,” Toro nto

Star, 17 July 2005, A6.

7 See “Inf‌lammatory Rhetor ic,” 600.

8 See Gail Kellough a nd Scot Wortley, “Remand for Plea: Bail Decisions

and Plea Bargaining as Commens urate Decisions,” British Journal of

Criminolog y 42 (2002): 194–97, 201; Report of th e Aboriginal Justice

Inquiry of Manitob a, vol. 1 (Winnipeg: Queen’s Printer, 1991), 102–3,

221–24, 595; Ontario Systemic Racism Report, 123–24, 1 42–44, 251, 277;

R. v. Gladue (1999), 133 CCC (3d) 385 at 412 (para. 65) (SCC); Kent Roach ,

Due Process an d Victims’ Rights: The Ne w Law and Politics of Criminal

Justice (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 225; Scot Wortley

and Gail Kellough , “Racializing Risk: Police and C rown Discretion and

the Over-Representation of Black People in t he Ontario Criminal Just ice

System,” in Anthony Harriot t et al., eds., Crime and Crimina l Justice in the

Caribbean and Amon g Caribbean Peoples (Kingston , Jamaica: Arawak Pub-

lications, 2004), 173–205; Cynt hia Peterson, “Institutionalized Racism :

The Need for Reform of the Cr iminal Jury Selection Process,” McGill L aw

Journal 38 (1993): 147; Toni Williams, “Sentenc ing Black Offenders in the

Ontario Cri minal Justice System,” in Julian V. Roberts and David P. Cole,

eds., Making Sense of Sentencing (Toronto: University of Toronto Press,

1999), 211–12; and Sanjeev S. Anand, “Ex pressions of Racial Hatred and

Racism in Canada : An Historical Perspective,” Canadi an Bar Review 77

(1998): 190. See also Nova Scotia, Royal Commission on the Dona ld Mar-

shall, Jr., Prosecution, Findings an d Recommendations, vol. 1 (Hal ifax: The

Commission, 1989).

9 This f‌igu re is approximately 17 percent of the Canadian populat ion. See

“Aboriginal Identity Popu lation 2001,” online: Statistics Canada htt p://

www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/Aboriginal/

Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&View=1a&Table=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&B1

=Counts01&B2=Total (date accessed 4 July 2005); and Stati stics Canada,

“Visible Minority Popul ations, Provinces and Territories” (2001 Census),

online: Statis tics Canada http://www40.stat can.ca/l01/cst01/demo52a.

htm (date accessed 18 June 2005).

10 Policy and Guidelin es on Racism and Racial D iscrimination, 9, online:

Ontario Human Rights Commission http://www.ohrc.on.ca/english/pub-

notes

[187]

lications/racism-and-racia l-discrimination-pol icy.pdf (date accessed 5 July

2005).

11 See Ontario Systemic Racism Report, 40–41.

chapter 1: what is it?

1See Board of Inquiry D ecision, 26 September 1995 (Ontario) [on f‌ile wit h

the author], 1–6 [Board of Inquir y Decision]. See also Ont ario (Police

Complaints Commissioner) v. Hannah, [1997] OJ No. 1411 at para. 2 (Gen.

Div., Div. Ct.) [Hannah]. See also Philip Mascoll, “Police Cleared in ‘ Take

Down,’” Toro nto S tar, 27 September 1995 [“Police Cleared”].

2See Board of Inquiry D ecision, 6.

3 This histor y of police shootings is chronicled in chapter 9.

4 See “Young Black Men,” Tor onto Star, 2 O ctober 1995, A16 [“Young Black

Men”].

5 Cecil Foster, A Place Called Heaven: T he Meaning of Being Black in Canad a

(Toronto: HarperCollins, 1996), 7. See also Cecil Foste r, “Blacks Lear n

Futility of Complai nt,” Toront o St ar, 3 October 1995, A19.

6 See Clayton Ruby, “Police Complaints a Monster We Can’t Control,” To-

ronto Star, 4 October 1995, A21.

7 RSO 1990, c. P.15.

8 See Rosie DiManno, “Attacks on Kerr a P unishment for Breaking

Ranks,” Toro nto Star, 30 Januar y 1995, A6, discussing the police union’s

motion of non-conf‌ide nce.

9 See Rosie DiManno, “Scar y Rogue Police Law unto Themselves,” Toro nto

Star, 27 January 1995, A6; Philip Mascoll, “Police Only Had ‘Hunch’,”

Toro nto S tar, 28 Januar y 2005, A4 [“Police Only Had ‘Hunch’”]; and

John Duncanson and Miche lle Shephard, “Police Union Chief Calling It

Quits,” Toront o St ar, 11 September 2002, A2.

10 See Board of Inquir y Decision, 3–4.

11 Philip Mascoll, “Skin Color Reason for ‘ Take-Down’,” Tor onto Sta r, 31

March 1995, A22 [“Reason for ‘Take-Dow n’”].

12 As quoted in Rosie DiManno, “T V Editor Fears ‘Open Season’ on Black

Men,” Tor onto Star, 27 Sept ember 1995, A7 [“Open Season”]. See also

Hannah, para. 10.

13 See “Police Only Had ‘Hunch’”; and Board of Inquir y Decision, 7–8.

14 “Police Only Had ‘Hunch’”; and Board of Inquir y Decision, 4.

15 See Board of Inquir y Decision, 5–7.

16 Ibid. See also Bruce D eMara, “Off‌icer Never Sought Witness,” Tor ont o

Star, 30 March 1995, A7; “Open Season”; and “Young Black Men.”