R. v. Tran (Q.D.), (1994) 170 N.R. 81 (SCC)

JudgeCory, McLachlin, Iacobucci and Major, JJ.
CourtSupreme Court (Canada)
Case DateSeptember 01, 1994
JurisdictionCanada (Federal)
Citations(1994), 170 N.R. 81 (SCC);1994 CanLII 56 (SCC);92 CCC (3d) 218;[1994] ACS no 16;117 DLR (4th) 7;[1994] 2 SCR 951;170 NR 81;24 WCB (2d) 308;[1994] SCJ No 16 (QL);32 CR (4th) 34;23 CRR (2d) 32;380 APR 81;133 NSR (2d) 81

R. v. Tran (Q.D.) (1994), 170 N.R. 81 (SCC)

MLB headnote and full text

[French language version follows English language version]

[La version française vient à la suite de la version anglaise]

....................

Quoc Dung Tran (appellant) v. Her Majesty The Queen (respondent)

(23321)

Indexed As: R. v. Tran (Q.D.)

Supreme Court of Canada

Lamer, C.J.C., La Forest, Sopinka,

Cory, McLachlin, Iacobucci

and Major, JJ.

September 1, 1994.

Summary:

The accused appealed his conviction for sexual assault on the grounds that the identi­fication evidence was flawed and that de­ficiencies in translation of evidence ef­fectively denied him his right to be present at his trial.

The Nova Scotia Supreme Court, Appeal Division, in a judgment reported 116 N.S.R.(2d) 300; 320 A.P.R. 300, dismissed the appeal. The accused appealed, claiming a violation of his right to the assistance of an interpreter under s. 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

The Supreme Court of Canada allowed the appeal and ordered a new trial. The ac­cused's rights under s. 14 were violated and the appropriate and just remedy under s. 24(1) of the Charter was a new trial.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - A Vietnamese accused was charged with sexual assault - The court-appointed translator was called as a defence witness and gave brief testi­mony of limited probative value - The translator translated only a summary of the examination and cross-examination - Additionally, a brief exchange between the translator and trial judge was not translated at all - The accused did not object at trial - The Supreme Court of Canada held that the accused's s. 14 Charter right to the assistance of an interpreter was violated and that the appropriate and just remedy under s. 24(1) of the Charter was to order a new trial.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "the consti­tutionally guaranteed standard of interpre­tation is not one of perfection; however, it is one of continuity, precision, impartiality, competency and contemporaneousness. An accused who does not understand and/or speak the language of the proceedings, be it English or French, has the right at every point in the proceedings in which the case is being advanced to receive interpretation which meets this basic standard. To estab­lish a violation of s. 14, the claimant of the right must prove on a balance of prob­abilities not only that he or she was in need of assistance, but also that the inter­pretation received fell below the basic, guaranteed standard and did so in the course of the case being advanced. Unless the Crown is able to show on a balance of probabilities that there was a valid and effective waiver of the right which accounts for the lack of or lapse in inter­pretation, a violation of the right to inter­preter assistance guaranteed by s. 14 of the Charter will have been made out." - See paragraph 78.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "I would argue that the right to interpreter assistance under s. 14 [Charter] is a means of ensuring that criminal proceedings comply with the constitutional guarantee to a fair and pub­lic hearing found in s. 11(d) of the Char­ter. ... the right to interpreter assistance in the criminal context should be considered a 'principle of fundamental justice' within the meaning of s. 7 of the Charter" - See paragraph 36.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "first, it must be clear that the accused was actually in need of interpreter as­sistance -- i.e., that he or she did not understand or speak the language being used in court. Although the ultimate bur­den of proof in establishing the required level of need rests, of course, on the party asserting that he or she has suffered a violation of his or her s. 14 rights, it is important to appreciate that the right to interpreter assistance is not one which must necessarily have been invoked or asserted in order to be enjoyed. As part of their control over their own proceedings, courts have an independent responsibility to ensure that those who are not con­versant in the language being used in court understand and are understood." - See paragraph 42.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "as a general rule, courts should appoint an interpreter when either of the following occurs: (1) it becomes apparent to the judge that an accused is, for lan­guage reasons, having difficulty expressing him or herself or understanding the pro­ceedings and that the assistance of an interpreter would be helpful; or (2) an accused (or counsel for the accused) requests the services of an interpreter and the judge is of the opinion that the request is justified." - See paragraph 48.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "failure to conduct an inquiry where there is some positive indication that the accused may not understand or cannot be understood for reasons related to language, and to appoint an interpreter where one may prove helpful, could result in a mis­carriage of justice and the ordering of a new trial. ... Where there are not outward indications which point to a lack of under­standing on the accused's part and where the right has not been invoked by the accused or by counsel (in the case of represented accused), these may be factors which are weighed against the accused if, after sitting quietly throughout the trial, the issue of interpretation is suddenly raised for the first time on appeal." - See para­graphs 49 to 50.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "the s. 14 Charter right to interpreter assistance should not be denied unless there is 'cogent and compelling evidence' that an accused's request for an interpreter is not made in good faith, but rather for an oblique motive. ... courts must not be too quick to draw adverse inferences where the claimant of the right has some facility with the language being used in the court." - See paragraph 53.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "while the standard of interpretation under s. 14 will be high, it should not be one of perfection. In my view, it can be defined by reference to a number of cri­teria aimed at helping to ensure that per­sons with language difficulties have the same opportunity to understand and be understood as if they were conversant in the language being employed in the pro­ceedings. These criteria include, and are not necessarily limited to, continuity, precision, impartiality, competency and contemporaneousness." - See paragraph 55.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "s. 14 requires that interpretation of proceedings be continuous. Breaks and interruptions in interpretation are not to be encouraged or allowed." - See paragraph 58.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that interpretations by translators must be precise - Summaries were insufficient - The court stated that "it would not be realistic or sensible to require even a con­stitutionally guaranteed standard of inter­pretation to be one of perfection. ... the standard for interpretation will tend to be lower than it might be for translation, where the source is a written text, where reaction time is usually greater and where conceptual differences which sometimes exist between languages can be more fully accommodated and accounted for." - See paragraphs 59 to 60.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "interpretation, particularly in a crimi­nal context, should be objective and unbiased" - See paragraph 61.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "interpretation must be of a high enough quality to ensure that justice is done and seen to be done. This means, at a minimum, that an accused has a right to competent interpretation. ... an interpreter must at least be sworn by taking the inter­preter's oath before beginning to interpret the proceedings. ... Where there is a legiti­mate reason to doubt the competency of a particular interpreter, a court will be well advised to conduct an inquiry into the interpreter's qualifications." - See para­graph 62.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "interpretation must take place con­temporaneously with the proceeding in question. ... While it is generally preferable that interpretation be consecutive rather than simultaneous, the overriding con­sideration is that the interpretation be contemporaneous. ... consecutive interpre­tation is the better practice as compared to simultaneous interpretation." - See para­graphs 64 to 65.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "where a lack of or lapse in interpre­tation occurs in respect of some purely administrative or logistical matter which does not involve the vital interests of the accused, such as scheduling or agreeing to a recess, this will not be a violation of s. 14 of the Charter. ... In determining whether the alleged deviation in interpre­tation was part of an occurrence which actually served in some way to 'advance the case', one must consider whether there was an unfolding or development in the proceeding with respect to a point of pro­cedure, evidence and/or law. ... one is looking to whether anything with a bearing on the procedural and substantive rights of the parties -- i.e., their 'vital interests' -- has taken place." - See paragraphs 70 to 71.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "section 14 [Charter] guarantees the right to interpreter assistance without qualification. Therefore, it would be wrong to introduce into the assessment of whether the right has been breached any consideration of whether or not the accused actually suffered prejudice when denied his or her s. 14 rights. The Charter in effect proclaims that being denied proper interpretation while the case is being advanced is in itself prejudicial and is a violation of s. 14. Actual resulting prejudice is a matter to be assessed and accommodated under s. 24(1) of the Char­ter when fashioning an appropriate and just remedy for the violation in question." - See paragraph 74.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that "where waiver of the right to inter­preter assistance is possible, the threshold will be very high. ... waiver of a statutory procedural right has to be clear and un­equivocal and must be done with full knowledge of the rights the procedure was enacted to protect and the effect that waiver will have on those rights. ... The waiver should be made personally by the accused, if necessary following an inquiry by the court through an interpreter to ensure that the accused truly understands what it is he or she is doing, unless coun­sel for the accused is fluent in the ac­cused's language or has communicated with the accused through an interpreter before coming to court and satisfies the court that the nature of the right and the effect on that right of waiving it have been explained to the accused." - See paragraph 76.

Civil Rights - Topic 2803

Language - Assistance of interpreter - Criminal proceedings - Section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed the right to the assistance of an interpreter - The Supreme Court of Canada stated that if an accused's s. 14 rights were vio­lated, the curative provisions of s. 686(1)(b)(iii) and (iv) of the Criminal Code do not apply - The appropriate remedy is what is "appropriate and just" under s. 24(1) of the Charter - The court stated that "while the remedy for a vio­lation will normally be an order directing a new hearing of the issue or proceeding in which the violation occurred, s. 24(1) allows a court to tailor the remedy to the particular circumstances of the violation" - See paragraphs 96 to 101.

Cases Noticed:

Southam Inc. v. Hunter, [1984] 2 S.C.R. 145; 55 N.R. 241; 55 A.R. 291; 9 C.R.R. 355; 14 C.C.C.(3d) 97; 41 C.R.(3d) 97; [1984] 6 W.W.R. 577; 33 Alta. L.R.(2d) 193; 27 B.L.R. 297; 84 D.T.C. 6467; 2 C.P.R.(3d) 1; 11 D.L.R.(4th) 641, refd to. [para. 12].

R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 S.C.R. 295; [1985] 3 W.W.R. 481; 58 N.R. 81; 60 A.R. 161; 18 C.C.C.(3d) 385; 18 D.L.R.(4th) 321; 37 Alta. L.R.(2d) 97; 85 C.L.L.C. 14,203; 13 C.R.R. 64, refd to. [para. 12].

R. v. Reale (1973), 13 C.C.C.(2d) 345 (Ont. C.A.), affd. [1975] 2 S.C.R. 624; 5 N.R. 169; 8 N.R. 164, refd to. [para. 14].

Roy et al. v. Hackett et al. (1987), 23 O.A.C. 382; 45 D.L.R.(4th) 415 (C.A.), refd to. [para. 14].

Société des Acadiens du Nouveau-Bruns­wick Inc. and Association de conseillers scolaires francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick v. Minority Language School Board No. 50 and Association of Parents for Fairness in Education, Grand Falls District 50 Branch, [1986] 1 S.C.R. 549; 66 N.R. 173; 69 N.B.R.(2d) 271; 177 A.P.R. 271; 27 D.L.R.(4th) 406, refd to. [para. 14].

Montreal (City) v. MacDonald, [1986] 1 S.C.R. 460; 67 N.R. 1, refd to. [para. 14].

R. v. Kwok Leung (1909), 4 Hong Kong L.R. 161 (Full Ct.), refd to. [para. 15].

R. v. Lee Kun, [1916] 1 K.B. 337 (C.C.A.), refd to. [para. 15].

R. v. Kunnath (R.), [1993] 4 All E.R. 30; 156 N.R. 75 (P.C.), refd to. [para. 18].

Negron v. New York (1970), 434 F.2d 386 (2nd Cir.), refd to. [para. 24].

Valladares v. United States (1989), 871 F.2d 1564 (11th Cir.), refd to. [para. 24].

R. v. Hijazi (1974), 20 C.C.C.(2d) 183 (Ont. C.A.), refd to. [para. 27].

R. v. Hertrich (1982), 67 C.C.C.(2d) 510 (Ont. C.A.), refd to. [para. 29].

R. v. Barrow, [1987] 2 S.C.R. 694; 81 N.R. 321; 87 N.S.R.(2d) 271; 222 A.P.R. 271, refd to. [para. 29].

R. v. Côté and Vézina, [1986] 1 S.C.R. 2; 64 N.R. 93, refd to. [para. 29].

R. v. Rahey, [1987] 1 S.C.R. 588; 75 N.R. 81; 78 N.S.R.(2d) 183; 193 A.P.R. 183; 33 C.C.C.(3d) 289; 57 C.R.(3d) 289; 39 D.L.R.(4th) 481, refd to. [para. 36].

R. v. Dubois, [1985] 2 S.C.R. 350; 62 N.R. 50; 66 A.R. 202; [1986] 1 W.W.R. 193; 41 Alta. L.R.(2d) 97; 48 C.R.(3d) 193; 22 C.C.C.(3d) 513; 23 D.L.R.(4th) 503; 18 C.R.R. 1, refd to. [para. 36].

Skapinker v. Law Society of Upper Canada, [1984] 1 S.C.R. 357; 53 N.R. 169; 3 O.A.C. 321; 11 C.C.C.(3d) 481; 8 C.R.R. 193; 9 D.L.R.(4th) 161, refd to. [para. 36].

Reference Re Section 94(2) of the Motor Vehicle Act (B.C.), [1985] 2 S.C.R. 486; 63 N.R. 266; 48 C.R.(3d) 289; 23 C.C.C.(3d) 289; [1986] 1 W.W.R. 481, refd to. [para. 36].

R. v. Edwards Books and Art Ltd. - see R. v. Videoflicks Ltd. et al.

R. v. Videoflicks Ltd. et al., [1986] 2 S.C.R. 713; 71 N.R. 161; 19 O.A.C. 239; 30 C.C.C.(3d) 385; 55 C.R.(3d) 193; 35 D.L.R.(4th) 1; 28 C.R.R. 1, refd to. [para. 37].

R. v. Fosty and Gruenke, [1991] 3 S.C.R. 263; 130 N.R. 161; 75 Man.R.(2d) 112; 6 W.A.C. 112; 67 C.C.C.(3d) 289, refd to. [para. 37].

Tung v. Minister of Employment and Immigration (1991), 124 N.R. 388 (F.C.A.), refd to. [para. 39].

United States v. Joshi (1990), 896 F.2d 1303 (11th Cir.), refd to. [para. 39].

R. v. Tsang (1985), 27 C.C.C.(3d) 365 (B.C.C.A.), refd to. [para. 50].

R. v. Tabrizi, [1992] O.J. No. 1383 (Gen. Div.), refd to. [para. 50].

R. v. Petrovic (1984), 4 O.A.C. 29; 13 C.C.C.(3d) 416 (C.A.), refd to. [para. 53].

People v. Aguilar (1984), 677 P.2d 1198 (Cal.), refd to. [para. 57].

R. v. Unterreiner (1980), 51 C.C.C.(3d) 373 (Ont. Co. Ct.), refd to. [para. 61].

R. v. L.L., [1986] O.J. No. 1954 (Ont. Dist. Ct.), refd to. [para. 62].

R. v. Meunier (1965), 48 C.R. 14 (Que. C.A.), affd. [1966] S.C.R. 399, refd to. [para. 69].

R. v. Grimba (1980), 56 C.C.C.(2d) 570 (Ont. C.A.), refd to. [para. 70].

R. v. Korponay, [1982] 1 S.C.R. 41; 44 N.R. 103, refd to. [para. 76].

R. v. Evans, [1991] 1 S.C.R. 869; 124 N.R. 278; 63 C.C.C.(3d) 289; 4 C.R.(4th) 144; 3 C.R.R. 315, refd to. [para. 76].

Statutes Noticed:

Canadian Bill of Rights, R.S.C. 1985, App. III, sect. 2(g) [para. 22].

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982, sect. 14 [para. 9]; sect. 24(1) [para. 96]; sect. 27 [para. 38].

Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, R.S.Q. 1977, c. C-12, sect. 36 [para. 23].

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 213 U.N.T.S. 221, sect. 6(3)(e) [para. 24].

Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, sect. 271(1) [para. 2]; sect. 650(1) [para. 21]; sect. 686(1)(a)(ii), sect. 686(1)(b)(iii), sect. 686(1)(b)(iv) [para. 96]; sect. 795, sect. 800(2), sect. 800(3), sect. 803(2)(a) [para. 9].

International Covenant on Civil and Politi­cal Rights, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, sect. 14(3)(f) [para. 24].

Authors and Works Noticed:

Ewaschuk, E.G., Criminal Pleadings and Practice in Canada (2nd Ed. 1987), gen­erally [para. 98].

Morel, André, Certain Guarantees of Criminal Procedure, in The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (2nd Ed. 1989)(A. Beaudoin and Ed Ratushny, eds.), pp. 526 to 528 [para. 22].

Proulx, Michel, The Presence of the Accused at Trial (1982-83), 25 Crim. L.Q. 179, generally [para. 68].

Rydstrom, Jean F., Right of Accused to Have Evidence or Court Proceedings Interpreted (1971), 36 A.L.R.(3d) 276, generally [para. 24].

Steele, Graham, J., Court Interpreters in Canadian Criminal Law (1992), 34 Crim. L.Q. 218, pp. 226, 227 [para. 52]; 229 [para. 21]; 238, 239 [paras. 61, 62]; 240 [paras. 39, 59]; 241 [para. 59]; 242 [para. 60]; 248, 249 [para. 64].

Counsel:

Marguerite J. MacNeil and Frank E. DeMont, for the appellant;

Robert E. Lutes, Q.C., for the respondent.

Solicitors of Record:

Coady Filliter, Halifax, Nova Scotia, for the appellant;

Robert E. Lutes, Halifax, Nova Scotia, for the respondent.

This appeal was heard on February 25, 1994, before Lamer, C.J.C., La Forest, So­pinka, Cory, McLachlin, Iacobucci and Major, JJ., of the Supreme Court of Canada.

On September 1, 1994, Lamer, C.J.C., delivered the following judgment in both official languages for the Supreme Court of Canada.

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