Copyright's Media Theory and the Internet: The Case of the Chilling Effects Doctrine

AuthorJonathon W Penney
Pages481-499
481
EE
-
Copyright’s Media Theory and the Internet:
The Case of the Chilling Eects Doctrine
  
 : Despite copyright’s expansion into new online spheres and
technological contexts, and the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of copy-
right scholarship, intellectual property scholars, particularly those interest-
ed in digital copyright, have oered little exploration of methodology and
methodological issues, and scholarship oers even fewer methodological
investigations and debates. This area of Internet-related legal research re-
mains, like others, without established “texts, theories, and methodologies.”
This chapter aims to help ll some of that void, by oering an exploration
of the problems that can arise when applying certain legal doctrines to on-
line contexts, through a case study of the “chilling eects doctrine” — a legal
doctrine that holds that certain laws and regulatory schemes can “chill” or
deter people from engaging in certain kinds of legal (and possibly desir-
able) activities — and its emergence or “transplantation” into debates about
copyright enforcement online. The case study provides a helpful point of
entry into a broader methodological discussion about applying legal norms
to media. Specically, the author draws on insights from other disciplines
and research elds to unpack and scrutinize the chilling eects doctrine and
it methodological, empirical, and normative assumptions.
 : Malgré l’expansion du droit d’auteur dans les nouvelles
sphères de l’Internet et de la technologie, et de la nature interdisciplinaire de
la recherche en droit d’auteur, les spécialistes du droit de la propriété intel-
lectuelle, particulièrement ceux intéressés par le droit d’auteur numérique,
482 •   
n’ont que peu exploré la question de la méthodologie et des problèmes mé-
thodologiques, et les publications savantes révèlent encore moins d’études
et de débats méthodologiques. Ce domaine de la recherche juridique reliée à
l’Internet, comme d’autres, demeure toujours sans « textes, théories et mé-
thodologies » établies. Ce chapitre essaie de combler partiellement ce vide,
en explorant les problèmes qui peuvent survenir lorsqu’on applique cer-
taines doctrines juridiques au contexte de l’Internet, à l’aide d’une étude de
cas de la « théorie de l’eet paralysant » — une théorie juridique qui explique
que certains régimes législatifs et réglementaires peuvent « paralyser » les
gens ou les décourager de prendre part à certaines activités légales (qui pour-
raient être désirables) en tant que phénomène émergent ou « transplan-
» dans les débats relatifs à la mise en application du droit d’auteur en
ligne. Cette étude de cas apporte un point de départ utile à une discussion
méthodologique plus large sur l’application des normes légales aux médias.
Plus particulièrement, l’auteur tire des enseignements d’autres disciplines et
champs de recherche pour analyser et examiner la théorie de l’eet paraly-
sant et ses présupposés méthodologiques, empiriques et normatifs.
A. INTRODUCTION
With the notion that law is an autonomous discipline in decline since the
1960s,1 legal research has become more “cosmopolitan.2 That is, legal re-
search has albeit slowly and certainly not uniformly3 — become more
comparative, interdisciplinary, globally concerned, and, at the same time,
more cautious about the limits of legal reasoning and its application to dif-
ferent, including “foreign,” contexts.4
A good example of this evolution is the continuing debate over “legal
transplants” within comparative legal scholarship.5 Though comparative
1 Richard A Posner, “The Decline of Law as an Autonomous Discipline: 1962–1987” (1987)
100:4 Harv L Rev 761.
2 Michele Graziadei, “Legal Transplants and the Frontiers of Legal Knowledge” (2009) 10:2
Theoretical Inq L 693 at 694.
3 Douglas W Vick, “Interdisciplinarity and the Discipline of Law” (2004) 31:2 JL & Soc’y
163 at 163–64, discussing tensions between those advocating interdisciplinary and
doctrinalist approaches in legal research; Brian Bix, “Law as an Autonomous Discipline”
in Peter Cane & Mark Tushnet, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies (Oxford: OUP,
2003) 975 at 981–83, noting dierences across dierent legal jurisdictions, particularly
the United States as compared to Europe.
4 Ibid at 981–83; see, also, Graziadei, above note 2 at 694.
5 See, generally, Konrad Zweigert & Hein Kotz, An Introduction to Comparative Law, 3d ed,
translated by Tony Weir (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); Alan Watson, Legal

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