Whose Income Is It?
Author | Vern Krishna |
Profession | Professor of Common Law, University of Ottawa Barrister at Law |
Pages | 107-117 |
107
CHAPTER 5
WHOSE INCOME IS IT?
A. gENERAL COMMENT
Thus far, we have looked at who is taxable and, in a preliminar y way, at
what is the nature of income. However, the individual in receipt of in-
come is not always the person tax able on it. In some cases, income may
be attributed to an individual who becomes taxable on it even though
she does not legally own the income.
Canada taxes each individual as a separate taxpayer. Unlike the
United States, Canada does not recognize joint tax returns. To prevent
income splitting between fami ly members, the Income Tax Act ha s strict
attribution and assignment rules for intra-family property transfers be-
tween spouses. The concept of spouse for tax purposes is broad and
includes common-law partners and same-sex married relationships.1
The attribution rules are essentially anti-avoidance rules, but with
numerous exceptions and carve-outs. Since the individual income tax
structure is progressive,2 income increments are taxable at higher mar-
ginal rates. This means that a single income family will pay higher
taxes than a two-income family with identical income. Thus, high-
income taxpayers have an incentive to reduce their taxes by shifting
income to members of their family in lower tax brackets and splitting
1 See Income Tax Act, RSC 1985, c 1 (5th Supp) [ITA], subs 248(1) “common-law
partner.”
2 See ibid, s 117.
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